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Ethnic Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes who migrated into the region in the 13th century, were rarely united as a single nation. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th century, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936. During the 1950s and 1960s agricultural "Virgin Lands" program, Soviet citizens were encouraged to help cultivate Kazakhstan's northern pastures. This influx of immigrants (mostly Russians, but also some other deported nationalities) skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled non-ethnic Kazakhs to outnumber natives. Independence in 1991 drove many of these newcomers to emigrate. Kazakhstan's economy is larger than those of all the other Central Asian states largely due to the country's vast natural resources. Current issues include: developing a cohesive national identity; expanding the development of the country's vast energy resources and exporting them to world markets; diversifying the economy outside the oil, gas, and mining sectors; enhancing Kazakhstan's economic competitiveness; developing a multiparty parliament and advancing political and social reform; and strengthening relations with neighboring states and other foreign powers.


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Military

Military branches
Kazakhstan Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Mobile Forces, Air Defense Forces (2010)

Military service age and obligation
18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 2 years; minimum age for volunteers NA (2004)

Manpower available for military service
Males age 16-49 4,163,629
Females age 16-49 4,179,051 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service
Males age 16-49 2,909,999
Females age 16-49 3,528,169 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually
Male 125,322
Female 119,541 (2010 est.)

Military expenditures World Ranking: 121
1.1% of GDP (2010)


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Kazakhstan (Astana):
Country Flag
Country Locator

GPS points from Kazakhstan (Astana)

square Ozero Bura Kazakhstan (general)

square Razvaliny Tusup Kazakhstan (general)

square Egindibulaq East Kazakhstan

square Boralday Yuzhno-kazakhstanskaya Oblast'

square Tygasha Kazakhstan (general)

square Khozeret Aul Qostanay Oblysy

square Kolodets Mailibai Kazakhstan (general)

square Ferma Koksay Kazakhstan (general)




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