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British influence and control over what would become Nigeria and Africa's most populous country grew through the 19th century. A series of constitutions after World War II granted Nigeria greater autonomy; independence came in 1960. Following nearly 16 years of military rule, a new constitution was adopted in 1999, and a peaceful transition to civilian government was completed. The government continues to face the daunting task of reforming a petroleum-based economy, whose revenues have been squandered through corruption and mismanagement, and institutionalizing democracy. In addition, Nigeria continues to experience longstanding ethnic and religious tensions. Although both the 2003 and 2007 presidential elections were marred by significant irregularities and violence, Nigeria is currently experiencing its longest period of civilian rule since independence. The general elections of April 2007 marked the first civilian-to-civilian transfer of power in the country's history.


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Geography

Location
Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Benin and Cameroon

Geographic coordinates
10 00 N, 8 00 E

Map references
Africa

Area World Ranking: 32
Total 923,768 sq km
Land 910,768 sq km
Water 13,000 sq km

Area - comparative
Slightly more than twice the size of California

Land boundaries
Total 4,047 km
Border countries
Benin 773 km, Cameroon 1,690 km, Chad 87 km, Niger 1,497 km

Coastline
853 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea 12 nm
Exclusive economic zone 200 nm
Continental shelf
200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate
Varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north

Terrain
Southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus; mountains in southeast, plains in north

Elevation extremes
Lowest point Atlantic Ocean 0 m
Highest point Chappal Waddi 2,419 m

Natural resources
Natural gas, petroleum, tin, iron ore, coal, limestone, niobium, lead, zinc, arable land

Land use
Arable land 33.02%
Permanent crops 3.14%
Other 63.84% (2005)

Irrigated land
2,930 sq km (2003)

Total renewable water resources
286.2 cu km (2003)

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)
Total 8.01 cu km/yr (21%/10%/69%)
Per capita 61 cu m/yr (2000)

Natural hazards
Periodic droughts; flooding

Environment - current issues
Soil degradation; rapid deforestation; urban air and water pollution; desertification; oil pollution - water, air, and soil; has suffered serious damage from oil spills; loss of arable land; rapid urbanization

Environment - international agreements
Party to
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
Signed, but not ratified
None of the selected agreements

Geography - note
The Niger enters the country in the northwest and flows southward through tropical rain forests and swamps to its delta in the Gulf of Guinea


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Nigeria (Abuja):
Country Flag
Country Locator

GPS points from Nigeria (Abuja)

square Alaluko Nigeria (general)

square Gulbi-n- Hadeija Nigeria (general)

square Ilara-ile Ogun State

square Kofar Kudu Kano State

square Awja-ikoradu Lagos

square Tunkpus Nigeria (general)

square River Uekor Benue State

square Omiyolo Oyo State




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