Papua New Guinea (PNG) is richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitation has been hampered by rugged terrain, land tenure issues, and the high cost of developing infrastructure. The economy has a small formal sector, focused mainly on the export of those natural resources, and an informal sector, employing the majority of the population. Agriculture provides a subsistence livelihood for 85% of the people. Mineral deposits, including copper, gold, and oil, account for nearly two-thirds of export earnings. Natural gas reserves amount to an estimated 227 billion cubic meters. A consortium led by a major American oil company is constructing a liquefied natural gas (LNG) production facility that could begin exporting in 2014. As the largest investment project in the country's history, it has the potential to double GDP in the near-term and triple Papua New Guinea's export revenue. An American-owned firm also opened PNG's first oil refinery in 2004 and is building a second LNG production facility. The government faces the challenge of ensuring transparency and accountability for revenues flowing from this and other large LNG projects. In 2011 and 2012, the National Parliament passed legislation that created an offshore Sovereign Wealth Fund (SWF) to manage government surpluses from mineral, oil, and natural gas projects. In recent years, the government has opened up markets in telecommunications and air transport, making both more affordable to the people. Numerous challenges still face the government of Peter O'NEILL, including providing physical security for foreign investors, regaining investor confidence, restoring integrity to state institutions, promoting economic efficiency by privatizing moribund state institutions, and maintaining good relations with Australia, its former colonial ruler. Other socio-cultural challenges could upend the economy including chronic law and order and land tenure issues. The global financial crisis had little impact because of continued foreign demand for PNG's commodities.

$4.488 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$2.893 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$7.13 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$4.933 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$3.708 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$2.647 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$8.999 billion (31 December 2011)

$9.742 billion (31 December 2010)

$12.21 billion (31 December 2009)

Coffee, cocoa, copra, palm kernels, tea, sugar, rubber, sweet potatoes, fruit, vegetables, vanilla; poultry, pork; shellfish

Copra crushing, palm oil processing, plywood production, wood chip production; mining (gold, silver, and copper); crude oil production, petroleum refining; construction, tourism

88 million bbl (1 January 2011 est.)

226.5 billion cu m (1 January 2011 est.)

Oil, gold, copper ore, logs, palm oil, coffee, cocoa, crayfish, prawns

Australia 31.2%, Japan 7.1%, China 6.1% (2011)

Machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, fuels, chemicals

Australia 38.5%, Singapore 14.7%, China 7.3%, Malaysia 5.5%, Japan 5.2%, Indonesia 4.9%, US 4.9% (2011)

$4.445 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$3.092 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$5.296 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$5.574 billion (31 December 2010 est.)