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Military regimes favoring Islamic-oriented governments have dominated national politics since independence from the UK in 1956. Sudan was embroiled in two prolonged civil wars during most of the remainder of the 20th century. These conflicts were rooted in northern economic, political, and social domination of largely non-Muslim, non-Arab southern Sudanese. The first civil war ended in 1972 but broke out again in 1983. The second war and famine-related effects resulted in more than four million people displaced and, according to rebel estimates, more than two million deaths over a period of two decades. Peace talks gained momentum in 2002-04 with the signing of several accords. The final North/South Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), signed in January 2005, granted the southern rebels autonomy for six years followed by a referendum on independence for Southern Sudan. The referendum was held in January 2011 and indicated overwhelming support for independence. South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011. Since southern independence Sudan has been combating rebels from the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N) in Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile states. A separate conflict, which broke out in the western region of Darfur in 2003, has displaced nearly two million people and caused an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 deaths. The UN took command of the Darfur peacekeeping operation from the African Union in December 2007. Peacekeeping troops have struggled to stabilize the situation, which has become increasingly regional in scope and has brought instability to eastern Chad. Sudan also has faced large refugee influxes from neighboring countries primarily Ethiopia and Chad. Armed conflict, poor transport infrastructure, and lack of government support have chronically obstructed the provision of humanitarian assistance to affected populations.


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Military

Military branches
Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF): Land Forces, Navy (includes Marines), Sudanese Air Force (Sikakh al-Jawwiya as-Sudaniya), Popular Defense Forces (2011)

Military service age and obligation
18-33 years of age for male and female compulsory and voluntary military service; 1-2 year service obligation; a requirement that completion of national service was mandatory before entering public or private sector employment has been cancelled (2009)

Manpower available for military service
Males age 16-49 10,433,973
Females age 16-49 10,411,443 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service
Males age 16-49 6,475,530
Females age 16-49 6,840,885 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually
Male 532,030
Female 512,476 (2010 est.)

Military expenditures World Ranking: 44
3% of GDP (2005 est.)


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Sudan (Khartoum):
Country Flag
Country Locator

GPS points from Sudan (Khartoum)

square Mus`ad `abd Allah White Nile State

square El Matkuk Southern Darfur State

square Maiwai Warab State

square Jumhuriyat As Sudan Sudan (general)

square Umm Qulei`a Gedaref State

square Hugeilig Northern Kordofan State

square Khor Diang Unity State

square Qoz Eliama River Nile State




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