Decades of internal political disputes and low levels of foreign investment have led to slow growth and underdevelopment in Pakistan. Agriculture accounts for more than one-fifth of output and two-fifths of employment. Textiles account for most of Pakistan's export earnings, and Pakistan's failure to expand a viable export base for other manufactures has left the country vulnerable to shifts in world demand. Official unemployment is 6%, but this fails to capture the true picture, because much of the economy is informal and underemployment remains high. Over the past few years, low growth and high inflation, led by a spurt in food prices, have increased the amount of poverty - the UN Human Development Report estimated poverty in 2011 at almost 50% of the population. Inflation has worsened the situation, climbing from 7.7% in 2007 to more than 13% for 2011, before declining to 9.3% at year-end. As a result of political and economic instability, the Pakistani rupee has depreciated more than 40% since 2007. The government agreed to an International Monetary Fund Standby Arrangement in November 2008 in response to a balance of payments crisis. Although the economy has stabilized since the crisis, it has failed to recover. Foreign investment has not returned, due to investor concerns related to governance, energy, security, and a slow-down in the global economy. Remittances from overseas workers, averaging about $1 billion a month since March 2011, remain a bright spot for Pakistan. However, after a small current account surplus in fiscal year 2011 (July 2010/June 2011), Pakistan's current account turned to deficit in the second half of 2011, spurred by higher prices for imported oil and lower prices for exported cotton. Pakistan remains stuck in a low-income, low-growth trap, with growth averaging 2.9% per year from 2008 to 2011. Pakistan must address long standing issues related to government revenues and energy production in order to spur the amount of economic growth that will be necessary to employ its growing population. Other long term challenges include expanding investment in education and healthcare, and reducing dependence on foreign donors.

Extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use of child labor (2011 est.)

Substantial underemployment exists

$56.34 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$76.16 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$85.22 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$75.06 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$64.53 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$32.76 billion (31 December 2011)

$38.17 billion (31 December 2010)

$33.24 billion (31 December 2009)

Cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; milk, beef, mutton, eggs

Textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, shrimp

313 million bbl (1 January 2011 est.)

840.2 billion cu m (1 January 2011 est.)

Textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, yarn), rice, leather goods, sports goods, chemicals, manufactures, carpets and rugs

US 14.3%, UAE 7.7%, Afghanistan 7.6%, China 7.6%, Germany 5%, UK 4.1% (2011)

Petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron and steel, tea

China 17.9%, Saudi Arabia 11.2%, UAE 11.1%, Kuwait 5.8%, Malaysia 5.7%, India 4.9%, US 4.3% (2011)

$18.09 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$17.21 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$61.83 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$56.77 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$31.36 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$30.06 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$1.419 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$1.362 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Pakistani rupees (PKR) per US dollar -