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TransportationAirports World Ranking: 37
151 (2012)
Airports - with paved runways
Total 107
Over 3,047 m 15 2,438 to 3,047 m 20 1,524 to 2,437 m 42 914 to 1,523 m 20 Under 914 m 10 (2012) Airports - with unpaved runways
Total 44
1,524 to 2,437 m 11 914 to 1,523 m 9 Under 914 m 24 (2012) Heliports
24 (2012)
Pipelines
Gas 10,514 km; oil 2,013 km; refined products 787 km (2010) Railways World Ranking: 27
Total 7,791 km
Broad gauge 7,479 km 1.676-m gauge (293 km electrified) Narrow gauge 312 km 1.000-m gauge (2007)Roadways World Ranking: 20
Total 260,760 km
Paved 180,910 km (includes 711 km of expressways) Unpaved 79,850 km (2007)Merchant marine World Ranking: 111
Total 11
By type Bulk carrier 5, cargo 3, petroleum tanker 3 Registered in other countries 11 (Comoros 5, Marshall Islands 1, Moldova 1, Panama 3, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1) (2010) Ports and terminals
Karachi, Port Muhammad Bin Qasim
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Pakistan (Islamabad):
 
GPS points from Pakistan (Islamabad)
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The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world and dating back at least 5,000 years, spread over much of what is presently Pakistan. During the second millennium B.C., remnants of this culture fused with the migrating Indo-Aryan peoples. The area underwent successive invasions in subsequent centuries from the Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Arabs (who brought Islam), Afghans, and Turks. The Mughal Empire flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries; the British came to dominate the region in the 18th century. The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with West and East sections) and largely Hindu India was never satisfactorily resolved, and India and Pakistan fought two wars - in 1947-48 and 1965 - over the disputed Kashmir territory. A third war between these countries in 1971 - in which India capitalized on Islamabad's marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistani politics - resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in 1998. India-Pakistan relations have been rocky since the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, but both countries are taking small steps to put relations back on track. In February 2008, Pakistan held parliamentary elections and in September 2008, after the resignation of former President MUSHARRAF, elected Asif Ali ZARDARI to the presidency. Pakistani government and military leaders are struggling to control domestic insurgents, many of whom are located in the tribal areas adjacent to the border with Afghanistan. In January 2012, Pakistan assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2012-13 term.